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Trentepohlia (alga)
''Trentepohlia'' is a genus of filamentous chlorophyte green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens.〔See the NCBI (webpage on Trentepohlia ). Data extracted from the (【引用サイトリンク】 title=NCBI taxonomy resources )〕 The filaments of ''Trentepohlia'' have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of carotenoid pigments which mask the green of the chlorophyll. The spores of ''Trentepohlia annulata'' were found to be the source of an incident of red rain in Kerala, India.〔BAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER-WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144 (URL )〕
''Trentepohlia'' species form associations with fungal hyphae, and are widespread phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera ''Graphis'', ''Graphina'', ''Gyalecta'' and ''Opegrapha''.〔F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6〕〔T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, T.H. (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.〕
==Red Rain Mystery==
A 2015 study〔 has unambiguously established that the cause of blood rain in Kerala was the areal spores of green microalgae ''Trentepohlia''. The study used molecular phylogenetics to compare the evolution of DNA sequence of ''T. annulata'' isolated from blood rain sample with that of ''T. annulata'' from Austria. Results suggest that the isolate from Kerala is, in fact, a recently introduced species from Austria. The research confirmed the likelihood that the introduction happened through clouds over the ocean- a phenomenon of intercontinental species dispersal previously reported for bacteria and fungi, but first time for the alga. Clouds over ocean dispersal is analogous to the intercontinental flights; spores of this alga from Europe are transported to India via clouds that drift across the Arabian Sea. Spores might have been carried first to the clouds for its dispersal. How exactly these lower stratospheric clouds containing algal spores got in Kerala remain unknown. Might be related to monsoon as well, as Kerala is the first state South-West monsoon strikes together with Sri Lanka. Again, trade winds (SE and NE) converge at a region called Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is located close to Kerala and Sri Lanka, which might be another clue for this puzzle. Authors said 〔http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/unravelling-the-blood-rain-mystery/article7057859.ece〕 their steps would be the analysis of intercontinental clouds using High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters, using the similar DNA sequence based technique called “metagenomics”, which would reveal the entire microbial diversity of these clouds.
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